I became the fourth Prime Minister of
Malaysia on 19 July 1981. Like other UMNO leader before me, I had dreamt about
becoming a member of the Cabinet, even Prime Minister. But I did not believe it
would really happen. Until the moment I stood before the King waiting to be
sworn in, I remained a highly unlikely candidate to attain the highest office
in the country.
Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, the second Prime
Minister, come from a distinguished family of administrators. His father was a
senior civil servant in the Pahang state government and Tun Razak himself was
Pahang State Secretary before he became involved in politics. After the
Federation of Malaya was established in 1948, he became the Menteri Besar or
Chief Minister, of his state. Holding the number two position in UMNO, he
became Deputy Prime Minister and was the natural successor to the Tunku.
As with Tun Razak in Pahang, my
predecessor Tun Hussein Onn belonged to the elite of Johor society and like all
his family was close to the Johor palace. His father and grandfather had both
served as Menteri Besar of Johor. With them, heading government administration
was a family tradition.
I, on the other hand, was commoner, the
son of a former schoolteacher who was drawing a monthly pension of RM90 at the
time I became involved in politics. Malays were then still feudalistic and not
at all used to commoners rising above their station. But I broke the mould and
paved the way for them to head the Government of Malaysia. Today, an ordinary
person who becomes Prime Minister is given the same respect as anyone from the
ruling classes.
The first three Prime Minister were also
all lawyers trained in London. I was a medical doctor from the University of
Malaya in Singapore. That alone put me at a disadvantage. Medicine was not
considered the best qualification for a Prime Minister. Lawyers were deemed fit
for the office because of the legislative functions involved in governance.
Doctors, it was held, had no training in the intricacies of law and
administration.
I was also a rebel and a troublemaker. I
had no protector. I was expelled from UMNO in 1969 for daring to criticise the
Tunku. This alone should have ended my political career. There was a precedent
for this. Aziz Ishak, the former Agriculture Minister in the Tunku’s first
Cabinet, had promoted setting up a fertiliser factory to help local farmer who
relied on a foreign producer for their supply. The move displeased the Tunku,
who did not want to upset the foreign company, and he dropped Aziz from the
Cabinet. He was eventually expelled from UMNO and was never allowed to rejoin.
I was more fortunate. I was eventually
reinstated but my troublemaker record should have precluded me from holding
senior posts in the party or Government. I had no family ties with the top
brass and under normal circumstances would not have gone far. My political
salvation came from Tun Razak, who overlooked my behaviour with the Tunku and
smoothed my way up by making me a full Minister after I won a seat in the 1974
General Election.
Until recently, political convention here
dictated that one was first made by Parliamentary Secretary and then Deputy
Minister before being elevated to full Ministerial rank. I bypassed these two
apprenticeship stages. Understandably, quite a few in UMNO who were far more
senior than I did not take kindly to my leapfrogging. Bur for Tun Razak, I
would have had very little chance of reaching the top. When he died in 1976, my
only protector was gone.
Even when he was still alive, I had to
step carefully. One friend, Datuk Harun Idris, the Menteri Besar of Selangor
who had helped bring me back into UMNO after my expulsion, believed that I had
undermined his chances of a vice-presidency in the 1975 UMNO elections. I ran
in that same race and narrowly defeated him. Harun and his children never quite
forgave me, but I never forgot what he did for me. He was later charged in
court and found guilty of corruption, but he was released from prison during my
time as Prime Minister. In 1986, Harun and his son aided Tengku Razaleigh
Hamzah, then an UMNO Vice-President, when the later challenged my presidency of
the party in that year’s UMNO elections.
Even an endorsement from the top man did
not secure the support of senior party members.When Tun Hussien made me Deputy
Prime Minister in 1976, I faced continuing opposition from powerful party
members such as the ageing UMNO Youth leader Tan Sri Jaafar Hassan Albar, who
died of a heart attack while campaigning in Johor. And soon after my
appointment as Deputy Prime Minister, two of my close friends were arrested for
allegedly being pro-communist.
Tan Sri Abdullah Ahmad and Abdullah
Majid were Deputy Ministers in Tun Hussien’s administration. Abdullah Ahmad had
been Tun Razak’s political secretary and was a family friend. He was also one
of my strongest supporters. As if that was not enough, three days before I was
to be sworn in as Prime Minister, my political secretary, Siddiq Ghouse, was
arrested for alleged espionage activities. The then Home Minister Tun Ghazali
Shafie said that Siddiq was a spy for the Soviet Union’s KGB.
So there I was, the non-pedigreed Deputy Prime Minister whose political secretary was a “spy” and whose friends were “communist sympathisers”. Any further rise in the party seemed most unlikely.
Perhaps I was not alone in not having it
easy. Tun Hussien also came under attack when Tun Razak appointed him Deputy
Prime Minister. Some leaders of the party regarded him as an outsider because
he had rejoined UMNO only in 1964, 17 years after he and his father, UMNO
founder Dato’ Onn Jaafar, had quite the party to set up the Independence of
Malaya Party. It was Tun Razak who brought Tun Hussien back into the party –
the two men had married sisters and so were related. Tun Hussied became
Minister of Education and his elevation was also considered rapid. Later, his
choice of me as Deputy Prime Minister would be seen as ill-advised, partly
because of my connections with so-called communists. But Tun Hussien was a
straight arrow who had served with British forces. No one could believe him,
and by extension I, could have anything to do with communism. Besides, Tun
Hussien readily detained those suspected of having leftist leanings despite
their standing in UMNO and closeness to Tun Razak.
I have often wondered why he chose me to
be his deputy. He knew very little about me personally. Perhaps it was because
he knew even less about Tun Ghafar Baba, who also ran in the same UMNO race and
won the highest numbers of votes of the three Vice-Presidential posts. About
Tun Hussien attitude towards the second Vice-President, Tengku Razaleigh
Hamzah, I can only speculate. Perhaps an incident that took place when Tun
Hussien was Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister left its mark. Tengku
Razaleigh, who was then head of PETRONAS, the national oil company, and Pernas,
the national trading corporation (now Tradewinds Corporation), had demanded an
allocation of RM100 million for each of the two companies and that he report
directly only to Tun Razak, bypassing Tun Hussien as head of the Treasury.
Perhaps Tun Hussien had not forgotten about this. I believe he did not have
much of a choice when picking his deputy, and perhaps Tun Razak’s views still
exerted some influence. As he once told me, Tun Razak advised him to call me if
he ever needed help.
Fate certainly played an important part
in my political ascension. When Tun Dr Ismail Abdul Rahman, whom Tun Razak
named his Deputy Prime Minister, died, Tun Hussien became Prime Minister. Ill
health prevented Tun Hussien from being Prime Minister for long, and he stepped
down in July 1981.
My rise was considered rapid but I still
took 18 years to become a Member of Parliament, and 28 years to become a
Minister. Money politics was unknown in those early days and I did not use cash
to get to where I was. Even when money was allegedly used in campaigns against
me, I still managed to win without any bribery, albeit with a narrow margin. I
am thankful for the democracy practised in UMNO, which goes against the feudal
nature of the Malays. I had dared to challenge the Tunku in 1969 because I felt
I had grassroots support. Even though I was expelled I was able rejoin UMNO
because of this support.
Yet, as Deputy Prime Minister, I was a
man chosen by a leader who did not have strong support in the party. I was
obviously not going to have an easy time and Tun Hussien could not provide much
protection for me. Tun Hussien had depended on Tun Razak for support when he
was chosen as Deputy Prime Minister. When Tun Razak died, Tun Hussien had not
great grassroots base to speak of. The arrest and detention of the so-called
communist sympathisers high in the party seemed to suggest that his office was
influenced by communist. His acceding to pressures to effect those arrests is
probably a good measure of his own weak political situation. His administration
was haunted by the communist bogey that his detractors unleashed in the hope
that we would be ousted or would step down early, prompting a leadership
struggle in UMNO.
Unable to curb efforts to undermine him
in UMNO, Tun Hussien also faced challenges from the Chinese. Under the New
Economic Policy (NEP), the industrial Coordination Act of 1975 required that
companies allocate 30 per cent of their shares to the Bumiputera. As most
Chinese companies at that time were family-owned, they were naturally averse to
having the Bumiputera, who were total strangers, involved at any level, even as
directors. But the ICA was inflexible and Chinese businessmen agitated against
the Government. There were also demands for a Chinese university.
To fulfill the NEP requirement, the
quota for places for the Bumiputera in government universities was increased.
This kept many qualified Chinese and Indian students from enrolling in these
institutions. For the rich, this posed no problem as they could afford to study
at foreign universities. But opportunities for a good education for the poor
non-Malays were much reduced by the quota system.
In those days there were no private
universities or non-universities tertiary institutions. Many Chinese completed
secondary schooling in their mother tongue, so the demand for a Chinese
university grew increasingly strident. Led by the Chinese educationist group
Dong Jiao Zong, the community united in agitation. Both Tun Hussien and I were
in a dilemma. I was then Minister of Education and the issue landed on my desk.
If we acceded to the demands of the Chinese, we would incur the displeasure of
our Malay supporters. But if we refused them, we would weaken the MCA and
Gerakan, UMNO’s Chinese partner in the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition.
Unlike the Malays, most Chinese voted on
the basis of issues rather than political affiliations. On the Chinese
universities issue, I knew from the experience that many MCA and Gerakan
supporters would vote for the Opposition party DAP. Loyalty to their race was
more powerful than party loyalties. In the 1969 General Election, for example,
Chinese voter in my constituency voted for the Malay Islamic party PAS simply
to ensure that as a so-called Malay “ultra”, an alleged ethnic extremist, I would
not win. This choice illustrates the sometimes decisive role of ethnic minority
voters in Malaysia, which one ignores only at one’s peril.
In these volatile circumstances, some
Malay Muslim extremists also presented problems. On 26 May 1979 a small group
of them had desecrated Hindu temples, prompting one temple in Selangor to post
armed guards. When some Malay troublemakers came, they were attacked and four
were killed. This provoked a powerful reaction among the Malays, and anti
Indian feelings remained strong even after the Government arrested and tried
those responsible. Worryingly, and a sign of future development, the young
Malay who provoked the Indian response were not poor villagers resentful at
being shut out from all opportunities but young students who had been educated
overseas.
On 16 October 1980, in Batu Pahat in
Johor, another group of deviant Malay Muslims attacked a police station. They
were repulsed and eight of them were killed, yet this incident too marked the
start of the growing problem of deviant teaching among Muslims in Malaysia. A
similar but more serious challenge would come in late 1985, when a man who
called himself Ibrahim Libya and his heretical followers staged an uprising in
Memali, Kedah.
By far the most difficult problem Tun
Hussien faced on taking over as Prime Minister was the corruption case
involving Harun Idris. The Selangor Menteri Besar was also head of UMNO’s youth
wing and was very popular with the more outspoken Malays. Lacking strong party
support and having powerful enemies among UMNO’s old guard, Tun Hussien should
have been careful in dealing with Harun. But he went ahead with the case, UMNO
Youth strongly condemned him. I had no choice but to support him, even though I
knew that if he went down, I might well go down with him.
Yet, Tun Hussien was a man of strong
convictions. He ignored UMNO Youth and was even prepared to use the police when
Harun refused to surrender. Agitation against Tun Hussien continued but the
Barisan Nasional victory in the 1978 General Election – greatly aided by the
split in PAS, which had left the coalition – helped to secure his position.
Flush with this victory, Hussien decided to hold UMNO elections to confirm his
presidency of the party. He was challenged by an UMNO member, Haji Sulaiman
Palestine, a colourful character who having lived in Palestine for some time in
his younger years (hence his nickname), could surprisingly speak Hebrew. The
populist Sulaiman was a very powerful orator, but Tun Hussien won comfortably.
I was not challenged and was confirmed as Deputy President. The threat against Tun
Hussien and me receded.
My own relationship with Tun Hussien,
however, was sometimes strained. He rejected a number of my suggestions and was
not pleased that I had ventured to offer them. Increasingly frustrated, I
eventually stop putting forward ideas. I did not want to annoy him and
jeopardise my chance of becoming Prime Minister. Then in 1981, Tun Hussien
suddenly informed the Cabinet that he was going to the United Kingdom for
treatment for his heart condition. We knew he was not very well but we did not
think it was so serious as to require heart surgery – in those days regarded as
a far more risky operation than today. The operation itself was successful, but
Tun Hussien remained unwell when he returned home. He had to slow down and I
offered to take on his extra work. One day in mid-1981, after a meeting at his
residence, he asked me to stay behind. He told me that he could not carry on
and wanted to step down. I again offered to do his work for him while he
rested. But he was adamant and said that his mind was made up. I was to take
over from him.
I kept this information to myself and
waited for Tun Hussien to make the announcement himself, which he did to his
own Johor Baru UMNO division on 15 May 1981. The thousand members attending the
annual meeting were shocked when he told them he would not be seeking
re-election as party President and would step down as Prime Minister. Shortly
after that, he informed the Cabinet and made a public announcement that he
intended to resign as Prime Minister. The party was to hold its elections at
the Annual General Assembly on 28 June that year. I accepted the nomination for
presidency of the party only after it was clear that Tun Hussien would not be
contesting.
As no other candidate emerged, I would
become President uncontested on 28 June, the day Tun Hussien would officially
step down. The focus of interest was upon the contest for the Deputy
President’s post. There were two candidates, Tengku Razaleigh and Tun Musa
Hitam, both of whom were Vice-Presidents.
The Annual General Assembly was held at
the then Hilton Hotel’s Nirwana Ballroom as the UMNO building (PWTC) was not
yet ready. The hall was packed with delegates, observers and guests. After the
usual preliminaries, Tun Hussien stepped up to the rostrum and made a brief
speech which, according to UMNO practice, was also the opening speech of the
assembly. To the hushed crowd he announced that after consulting with me, he
had decided to step down as Prime Minister on 16 July. This meant that for 17
days, the Prime Minister would not be the President of UMNO or vice-versa.
Though this broke with tradition, it was not a matter of any consequence and no
one remarked on it. All eyes were on Tun Hussien as he stepped down from the
rostrum at the end of his speech. There was loud applause and he shook hands
with the members of the Supreme Council before returning to his seat.
The meeting was adjourned and the
Supreme Council members all retired to the Rajah Room for a break and coffee.
Tun Hussien did stay long. UMNO members gathered around as he made his way to
the hotel’s lower entrance, from where the Supreme Council saw him off. After
that, party members crowded around me to congratulate me on my uncontested
election as President of UMNO. It was good for the ego even though I was not
sure how many of them were sincere.
When the meeting resumed, voting for the
Deputy President, Vice-President and other posts began. In UMNO, whoever became
Deputy President also became the Deputy Prime Minister. So naturally, the
contest between Tengku Razaleigh and Tun Musa drew the most attention. I
resolved to work with whoever won. I could not afford to back either because if
my candidates lost, I would be left with an antagonistic deputy. Staying
impartial was very important to me as wanted to be close to my deputy. I did
not enjoy this rapport with Tun Hussien and I felt that this way why some of my
ideas were rejected. Yet my careful neutrality ultimately did not secure my
deputy’s lasting support. Within five years, Tengku Razaleigh and Tun Musa
would unite against me to contest the UMNO leadership.
Although Harus was still in jail when
Tun Hussien ended his premiership, he had been nominated for Vice-President at
that assembly. Tun Hussien did not make an issue of it. Besides, there was
nothing in the party constitution to stop the nomination. According to the
regulations, however, Harun would not be able to take an active post in
politics for five years after his release from jail. The UMNO Youth made it
clear that they wanted Harun to get a full pardon from the king. I was not sure
if even a full pardon would allow his immediate return to active politics, so
this UMNO election was critical. It would both determine who my deputy would be
and it would indicate the feelings of UMNO members regarding the jailing of
Harun. I knew Tun Hussien feeling about the issue. He had literally thrown the
files on Harun’s case at me when I had earlier tried to discuss the political
implication of continuing legal proceedings against Harun, and I now assumed
that he would be offended if I did anything for Harun. On the other hand, I
could not risk ignoring the feelings of members and becoming unpopular so soon
after becoming President of the party.
There was a great deal of excitement as
the votes were being counted. At the usual Supreme Council meeting the night
before the General Assembly, all candidates had pledged that, win or lose, they
would continue to serve UMNO and the Government. I felt reasonably assured that
he party would not be split between the supporters of Tengku Razaleigh and Tun
Musa. Tun Musa won with a clear majority with 722 votes against Tengku
Razaleigh’s 517. There was loud bur brief cheering when the results were
announced. The delegates had thankfully heeded my appeal not to display their
feelings too much over the result.
The next results to be announced were
those of the Vice-Presidents. I waited with bated breath over the number of
votes Harun would get. There were seven candidates, of whom only Tun Ghafar was
an incumbent. The other two, Tengku Razaleigh and Musa Hitam, were not
contesting. They had gone for broke, contesting only the Deputy President’s
post and nothing else. Other than Tun Ghafar and Harun, those standing included
Tengku Tan Sri Ahmad Rithaudeen Tengku Ismail, Tun Ghazali Shafie, Tan Sri Senu
Abdul Rahman and Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim. As expected, Tun Ghafar came in
first with 869 votes. Then Harun garnered 757 votes to come in second. Tengku
Ahmad Rithaudeen came in third with 711 votes. My worst fears were confirmed.
The outcome posed two major problems for me as I began my stint as President of
UMNO and Prime Minister. First, there was the possible split in party between
Tun Musa and Razaleigh’s supporters and, second, we now had a Vice-President in
jail.
On 15 July Tun Hussien chaired his last
Cabinet meeting. The following day he submitted his official resignation letter
to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang. At 11am the same
morning, a short ceremony was held in the palace’s Dewan Istiadat or Ceremonial
Hall. All the Ministers were present, together with the Inspector-General. Toh
Puan Suhaila Mohd Noah, Tun Hussien’s wife, and my wife, Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali,
were also there. At another table sat the Acting Lord President of the Supreme
Court, Tan Sri Raja Azlan Shah, (who later became the Sultan of Perak) and the
Chief Secretary to the Government, Tan Sri Hashim Aman.
Tun
Hussien walked in with me behind him. We were dressed in dark lounge suits and
songkok as the ruling requiring Malay Ministers to wear black baju Melayu was
not yer in force. Then His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong walked in and sat
on the throne flanked by four aides-decamp drawn from the Police and the Armed
Forces. Upon the invitation of the Court Chamberlain I walked up to the Agong,
who handed me the official document for oath-taking. After reciting the oaths,
one being the oath of office and the other to guard official secrets, I signed
them and they were countersigned by the Acting Lord President.
Inscribing those signatures represented
a sharp demarcation between my old life and my new one. During my tenure, I
would often wonder how an ordinary person like me had risen to this office.
Looking back, it was a most unlikely path for a medical doctor, let alone a
commoner. Yet I became the fourth Prime
Minister of Malaysia.